{"id":710582,"date":"2026-07-21T20:53:23","date_gmt":"2026-07-22T00:53:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=710582"},"modified":"2026-09-15T12:37:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-15T16:37:40","slug":"incarceration-meaning-criminal-justice-prison-pipeline-710582","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/incarceration-meaning-criminal-justice-prison-pipeline-710582\/","title":{"rendered":"What crime and prison reveal about incarceration\u2014and about us"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-embed\">\n<div class=\"wp-embed-wrap\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How does Someone Become a Criminal?\" width=\"1062\" height=\"597\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OoApwCfHG-0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>URochester researchers on how childhood trauma, parental incarceration, and even discipline in schools shape criminal justice outcomes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1402,"featured_media":710612,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[456],"tags":[42,37452,43142,3286,43162,41792,42142,43132,12432,42492,2036,16072,41012],"class_list":["post-710582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-society-culture","tag-alumni","tag-community-engagement","tag-diane-morse","tag-eastman-school-of-music","tag-elinor-freer","tag-ever-wonder","tag-jennie-noll","tag-john-blackshear","tag-m-k-gandhi-institute-for-nonviolence","tag-medical-center","tag-mt-hope-family-center","tag-school-of-arts-and-sciences","tag-videos"],"acf":{"external":"","hide_featured_image":true,"related":"show_related","style":[641432,670572,490342],"content_modules":[{"acf_fc_layout":"text","anchor":"","css_class":"","title":"<h2><strong>URochester researchers are studying how childhood trauma, parental incarceration, and even discipline in schools shape criminal justice outcomes.<\/strong><\/h2>","content":"In a cramped room with stale air on North Carolina\u2019s death row, <a href=\"https:\/\/boundless.rochester.edu\/strat-chat-with-john-blackshear\/\">John Blackshear<\/a> decided to go off-script.\r\n\r\nIt was 2003, and Blackshear, vice president for student life at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/\">糖心传媒<\/a>, was a staff psychologist at Duke University. He had walked deep into the prison, past checkpoint after checkpoint, door after bolted door, to reach this cell on death row. He now sat across from a man who had refused to speak to anyone: not his attorneys, not his legal team, not the psychologists sent before.\r\n\r\nThe man\u2019s name was Paul Brown. He stared at Blackshear. Blackshear held his gaze. He remembers thinking: <em>What am I supposed to do with this guy?<\/em>\r\n\r\nBlackshear had developed a reputation for taking the cases no one else wanted. Here he was, sitting across from a man who was afraid for his life, who had no obvious reason to trust a stranger.\r\n\r\nOn an impulse, Blackshear did something his training had not covered. He started talking about basketball: \u201cDuke or UNC?\u201d\r\n\r\nBrown bristled. \u201cUNC, of course.\u201d\r\n\r\n\u201cThen you and I are <em>not<\/em> going to get along.\u201d\r\n\r\nAnd somehow, that broke the ice.\r\n\r\nAs a forensic psychologist, Blackshear\u2019s caseload has taken him from civil lawsuits to capital crimes and into federal prisons. Over the course of a career spanning hundreds of cases and millions of pages of records, he has arrived at a conclusion: \u201cI\u2019ve met a ton of babies in this world, and none were born to kill.\u201d\r\n\r\nOver their sessions together, Blackshear learned what Brown had never revealed to anyone: that when he had lost his temper and fired a gun, a small\u2011caliber bullet had ricocheted and killed a baby in the room. He had been born of a rape. He had experienced abuse from his earliest years\u2014physical, psychological, emotional, sexual. He had never, not once in his life, been given what most people take for granted: someone who showed up and stayed.\r\n\r\nIn one of their final sessions, Brown broke down. Through his tears, he said something that Blackshear has never forgotten: \u201cI wish I\u2019d met you when I was 12.\u201d\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_711022\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2000\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-711022\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/fea-incarceration-meaning-criminal-justice-prison-pipeline-GettyImages-154860254.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of a ecurity tower and razor wire-topped fence to represent incarceration in a prison or jail.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1200\" \/> <strong>INCARCEREATION NATION:<\/strong> According to the nonprofit, nonpartisan Prison Policy Initiative, more than 2 million people are currently held in US jails and prisons. (Getty Images photo)[\/caption]","background_color":"#252525","width":"width-medium"},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","anchor":"","css_class":"pt-0","title":"","content":"<h3><strong>How childhood trauma drives incarceration risk<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThat counterfactual animates research across URochester. What if someone <em>had<\/em> been there, at 12, or at 8, or at birth?\r\n\r\nThe United States <a href=\"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/profiles\/US.html\">incarcerates more people per capita<\/a> than any other nation; more than 2 million people are currently held in US jails and prisons, and more than 2.7 million children have an incarcerated parent. What begins as incarceration\u2014the confinement of a person in a jail or prison as legal consequence\u2014seeps outward through families, neighborhoods, and generations in ways the criminal justice system was never designed to address.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.rochester.edu\/psy\/people\/faculty\/noll-jennie\/index.html\">Jennie Noll<\/a> has spent three decades studying exactly that spread.\r\n\r\n\u201cOur research follows people over time,\u201d says Noll, a professor of psychology and the executive director of URochester\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psych.rochester.edu\/MHFC\/\">Mt. Hope Family Center.<\/a> \u201cWe engage those who have been traumatized and follow them for decades, even generations.\u201d\r\n<blockquote>\u201cI wish I\u2019d met you when I was 12.\u201d<\/blockquote>\r\nWhat she and her colleagues have mapped is a pipeline: one that begins not in a courtroom, not in a classroom\u2014but in the highchair. Early life trauma, which Mt. Hope researchers define broadly to include not only abuse and neglect but also the loss of a parent to incarceration, interferes with the brain\u2019s developing architecture. It disrupts the capacity for emotional regulation, for sustained attention, for the kind of trust that allows a child to learn from adults. By the time these children reach kindergarten, their struggles can look like defiance or disorder. They are, in fact, the neurological imprint of early pain.\r\n\r\n\u201cEarly life trauma that goes untreated can manifest in behavioral problems in school, cognitive problems\u2014interfering with one\u2019s full potential,\u201d Noll says. \u201cYou can imagine those things unchecked in adolescents could result in significant behavior issues: suspensions, detentions. And that is the pathway you see when educators are not trauma\u2011informed, when they don\u2019t understand the roots.\u201d\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_711042\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"419\"]<img class=\"wp-image-711042 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/inline-2011-04-21_Mt_Hope_denim_bracelets_33-419x630.jpg\" alt=\"Close up of an adult hand holding a child's hand, both of them wearing matching bracelets. \" width=\"419\" height=\"630\" \/> <strong>IN YOUR CORNER:<\/strong> \u201cThe top predictor of resilience is having one supportive individual... who is looking out for you,\u201d says Jennie Noll. (URochester photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nScholars and advocates have come to call that pattern the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11017990\/\">school\u2011to\u2011prison pipeline<\/a>, which describes the way discipline policies\u2014suspensions, expulsions, and on\u2011campus arrests\u2014pull students out of classrooms and toward the juvenile and criminal justice systems. National analyses by civil rights and education researchers have found that these policies fall hardest on Black and Brown students and students with disabilities, who are suspended, expelled, or referred to law enforcement at rates far higher than their white peers for comparable or even less serious behavior.\r\n\r\nMoreover, when a parent is incarcerated, an older child may struggle with both painful knowledge and social stigma. For a younger child, Noll says, \u201cthey simply understand that a parent is gone. That can be traumatic, or at least disruptive developmentally, in terms of how children attach to caregivers.\u201d Her observations are echoed in <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9967200\/\">developmental research<\/a> showing that parental incarceration exposes children to chronic stress and increases risks for attachment disruptions, cognitive delays, and later behavioral and mental health.\r\n\r\nAttachment is the biological foundation of the capacity for relationship, for trust, for self\u2011regulation. When disrupted early, the consequences \u201ccan impact the developmental course of relationships,\u201d Noll says. \u201cIt can make it difficult to attach, or to understand the nuances of social situations, which can feed into behavior, isolation, depression, and anxiety in ways that set the stage for this pipeline.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor children of color, the risks compound. Racism, neighborhood violence, and the discriminatory application of school discipline and law enforcement policies layer onto existing trauma in what Noll calls \u201cintersectionality: race, trauma, incarcerated parents.\u201d\r\n\r\nAnd yet the pipeline is not inevitable. Mt. Hope\u2019s resilience research has identified the factors that interrupt it.\r\n\r\n\u201cThe top predictor of resilience,\u201d Noll says, \u201cis having one supportive individual\u2014a parent, a sibling, an older mentor\u2014who is looking out for you.\u201d","background_color":"#ffffff","width":"width-medium"},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","anchor":"","css_class":"pt-0","title":"","content":"<h3><strong>Early intervention can start before birth<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nWithin Mt. Hope\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psych.rochester.edu\/MHFC\/for-children\/building-healthy-communities\/\">Building Healthy Communities program<\/a>, a nationally recognized preventive initiative that has served families for more than a decade, the intervention starts as early as the second trimester.\r\n\r\nBuilding Healthy Communities provides home\u2011based services for pregnant women in their second or third trimester. A family support provider with lived experience helps with the most concrete threats to stability\u2014food, safe housing, transportation, school and work goals\u2014while a clinician delivers evidence\u2011based trauma-informed services such as the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/parentsasteachers.org\/\">Parents as Teachers<\/a>\u00a0home\u2011visiting curriculum for parenting skills, child\u2011parent psychotherapy to repair attachment after trauma, and interpersonal psychotherapy to treat maternal depression. For up to three years, that team stays at the kitchen table and in the pediatric clinic, woven into well\u2011baby visits and immunization schedules, quietly working to keep those families connected to care and out of child protective services.\r\n\r\nMeanwhile, Mt. Hope\u2019s afterschool and summer camp youth empowerment <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psych.rochester.edu\/MHFC\/for-children\/paths\/\">programs<\/a> offer therapeutic, peer\u2011led skills training for children already showing signs of emotional dysregulation: teaching them, concretely and practically, how to manage what they feel before what they feel manages them. Its parenting programs teach caregivers, including parents reentering from incarceration, to replace punitive responses with social\u2011emotional learning strategies.\r\n\r\n\u201cWe are teaching parents how to have productive parenting strategies that change a child\u2019s behavior,\u201d Noll says, \u201cas opposed to escalating the fight.\u201d\r\n\r\nIn these programs, opportunities abound for music, art, and play.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_711052\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2000\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-711052\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/fea-2025-11-19_SART_285_Layton_1273.jpg\" alt=\"Overhead shot of a hand being placed on an artwork featuring a tree's leaves made of other handprints.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1200\" \/> <strong>PREVENTION THROUGH INTERVENTION:<\/strong> Housed in the city of Rochester\u2019s Plymouth-Exchange neighborhood, the nonprofit M.K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence partners with area youth and adults to teach nonviolence and restorative practices. (URochester photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n\u201cOne of the biggest diversion tactics is getting involved in something prosocial: sports, clubs, music, belonging,\u201d Noll says. \u201cIf children discover an outlet early on, they can pour themselves into activities that form the foundations of self-esteem, self-confidence, and self-identity.\u201d\r\n\r\nThrough the <a href=\"https:\/\/gandhiinstitute.org\/mission-history\/\">M.K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence<\/a>, a URochester affiliate, schools and community partners experiment with responses to harm that focus on accountability, relationship, and repair rather than punishment alone. Each year, the Gandhi Institute trains thousands of people in nonviolence and restorative practices and facilitates restorative conversations with students in school \u201cHelp Zones,\u201d giving educators concrete, restorative alternatives to suspension, expulsion, or arrest.\r\n\r\nBlackshear is himself living proof of what one caring network can do. He grew up in Savannah, Georgia, born to a teenage mother, his parents\u2019 marriage short\u2011lived, his house full of people and short on space. By most demographic measures, his story could have gone another way.\r\n\r\nHis mother insisted that he and his stepfather go to therapy in the mid\u20111980s. There was also his great\u2011uncle Willie. When Willie died, family legend holds that his last words were, \u201cTake care of John. He\u2019s going to be somebody special.\u201d\r\n\r\n\u201cNo matter what dark moment I was going through, I could tap into that story,\u201d he says. \u201cUncle Willie saw something in me that I cannot disappoint.\u201d","background_color":"#ffffff","width":"width-medium"},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","anchor":"","css_class":"pt-0","title":"","content":"<h3><strong>Prison, jail, and reentry care in Rochester<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nOn the other side of the pipeline, where people are emerging from jails and prisons back into the world, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.urmc.rochester.edu\/people\/112358663-diane-s-morse\">Diane Morse<\/a> has built something rare: a clinic that was waiting for them.\r\n\r\nJails and prisons serve distinct functions; jails typically hold people awaiting trial or serving short sentences, while prisons, including federal facilities, house those convicted of more serious offenses, sometimes for decades. People cycle through both, and health consequences compound with every transition. A landmark medical study found that people coming out of incarceration have nearly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMsa064115\">13 times the mortality rate<\/a> of the general population in the first two weeks after release; the leading causes were drug overdose, cardiovascular disease, suicide, and homicide.\r\n\r\nMorse, an internal medicine physician at URochester\u2019s School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry, helped build a response. She was among the first physicians in the country to establish a transitions clinic: a primary care practice specifically designed for people in that precarious window after release. The WISH (Wellness Initiative Supporting Health) Clinic, now at the Rochester-based Jordan Health, serves people reentering from state and federal incarceration. When Morse audited her first hundred patients, she found that only 20 percent had had a primary care physician.\r\n\r\nHer research with women in Monroe County\u2019s Opioid Intervention Court\u2014modeled on Buffalo\u2019s Opioid Intervention Court, the first such court in the nation\u2014found that 24 of 31 participants (77 percent) described child, adolescent, or adult victimization and traced, in their own words, a path from early abuse to addiction to incarceration. \u201cA lot of times people have a conviction, and they may not even be guilty,\u201d Morse says. \u201cWe focus on moving forward.\u201d","background_color":"#ffffff","width":"width-medium"},{"acf_fc_layout":"media_text_new","anchor":"","class":"","overline":"","title":"","content":"<h3><strong>Beyond the concert hall<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nIn spring 2024, Eastman School of Music students, faculty, and Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra musicians took chamber music to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/eastman-roc-city-concerts-underserved-rochesterians-609262\/\">places it rarely reaches<\/a>\u2014including the Monroe County Jail.\r\n\r\n\u201cAll people, regardless of their current life circumstances or the choices they have made, deserve the chance to feel human, and experiencing live music is one of the best ways to feel alive,\u201d says Elinor Freer, associate professor of piano and chamber music.","cta":"","bg":"#ffc70a","type":"embed","image":"","embed":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8eMNtfWxUW0","video":"","layout":"left","animation":"animation-false"},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","anchor":"","css_class":"pt-0","title":"","content":"<h3><strong>Studying more than patient charts<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nOn Saturday mornings at Monroe County Jail, URochester medical students do something unusual: They sit down, ask questions, and listen.\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0Health and Incarceration Connection, which includes an elective pathway in the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, enrolls roughly 50 students who rotate through the jail across four years of medical training. Two of those students went on to found the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.urmc.rochester.edu\/education\/md\/outreach\/ur-well\/rawny\">URWell RAWNY Clinic<\/a>, a free, student\u2011run primary care clinic that URWell operates in partnership with the Reentry Association of Western New York (RAWNY), with Morse as faculty supervisor. The model is built on trust developed before release: students meet patients inside, tell them where the clinic is, and promise to be there when they get out.\r\n\r\n\u201cWe thought we were the teachers. It was our patients who were teaching us how to listen\u2014listening to understand a human being,\u201d says Anthony Pamatmat \u201926M in a TEDxRochester talk. \u201cWe learned to second\u2011guess every preconceived judgment that we form.\u201d For example, in reviewing patient charts, terms like <em>substance abuse<\/em>,\u00a0<em>incarcerated<\/em>, or\u00a0<em>drug\u2011seeking<\/em>\u00a0can create unconscious bias that may affect care. \u201cBut when you care for people with these lived experiences,\u201d Pamatmat continues, \u201cit becomes very clear that the chart can never fully capture the person behind it.\u201d","background_color":"#ffffff","width":"width-medium"},{"acf_fc_layout":"media_text_new","anchor":"","class":"pt-0","overline":"","title":"","content":"<h3><strong>A different kind of care<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nWorking with incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients changed the way Jack Bookbinder \u201926M and Anthony Pamatmat \u201926M\u00a0think about medicine. In this TEDxRochester talk, they share how those experiences led them to create a student-run clinic that helps bridge the transition from incarceration back to the community.","cta":"","bg":"#00205b","type":"embed","image":"","embed":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tPQKdyBNBgQ","video":"","layout":"right","animation":"animation-false"},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","anchor":"","css_class":"pt-15","title":"","content":"<h3><strong>The death row case that shaped a career<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nBlackshear still thinks about Paul Brown.\r\n\r\nHe thinks about Brown when he meets a baby in a grocery store\u2014which happens often, because he\u2019s convinced that babies are drawn to his face. He looks at them and thinks:\u00a0<em>Not one of you was born for this. Not one.<\/em>\r\n\r\nHe thinks about Brown when he walks into jails and federal prisons to work with men whose stories he will spend years excavating. He thinks about him when he testifies before juries, laying out a life in full\u2014not to excuse what happened, but to explain it, and to ask everyone in the courtroom to reckon with their own share of responsibility. \u201cI want to implicate myself for negligence,\u201d he says. \u201cI want to implicate the jury, the judges, the attorneys, the gallery\u2014because I do believe it doesn\u2019t have to be that way.\u201d","background_color":"#ffffff","width":"width-medium"}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What crime and prison reveal about incarceration\u2014and about us<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"URochester researchers on how childhood trauma, parental incarceration, and even discipline in schools shape criminal justice outcomes.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/incarceration-meaning-criminal-justice-prison-pipeline-710582\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What crime and prison reveal about incarceration\u2014and about us\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"URochester researchers on how childhood trauma, parental incarceration, and even discipline in schools shape criminal justice outcomes.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/incarceration-meaning-criminal-justice-prison-pipeline-710582\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"News Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-07-22T00:53:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-15T16:37:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/fea-EverWonder-JohnBlackshear-horiz-incarceration-meaning-criminal-justice-prison-pipeline-2000x1200_V2-1200x630.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Melissa Pheterson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Melissa Pheterson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/incarceration-meaning-criminal-justice-prison-pipeline-710582\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/incarceration-meaning-criminal-justice-prison-pipeline-710582\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Melissa Pheterson\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/14a51433abfbe8287eb08a9a15d182e4\"},\"headline\":\"What crime and prison reveal about incarceration\u2014and about us\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-22T00:53:23+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-15T16:37:40+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/incarceration-meaning-criminal-justice-prison-pipeline-710582\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":19,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/incarceration-meaning-criminal-justice-prison-pipeline-710582\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/fea-EverWonder-JohnBlackshear-horiz-incarceration-meaning-criminal-justice-prison-pipeline-2000x1200_V2.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"alumni\",\"community engagement\",\"Diane Morse\",\"Eastman School of Music\",\"Elinor Freer\",\"Ever Wonder\",\"Jennie Noll\",\"John Blackshear\",\"M.K. 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