{"id":658492,"date":"2025-06-30T16:32:05","date_gmt":"2025-06-30T20:32:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=658492"},"modified":"2026-01-14T10:39:56","modified_gmt":"2026-01-14T15:39:56","slug":"what-is-fiber-optics-how-fiber-optics-works-658492","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/what-is-fiber-optics-how-fiber-optics-works-658492\/","title":{"rendered":"The surprising way that fiber optics connects us"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.embed-container { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; } .embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }<\/style>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IDGdVaGlrYE\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An optics expert explains how thin strands of glass that transmit light make modern telecommunications possible.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1242,"featured_media":658522,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[41792,41812,18632,18652,41012],"class_list":["post-658492","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-ever-wonder","tag-govind-argawal","tag-hajim-school-of-engineering-and-applied-sciences","tag-institute-of-optics","tag-videos"],"acf":{"external":"","hide_featured_image":true,"related":"show_related","style":[651182,655642,501802],"content_modules":[{"acf_fc_layout":"text","anchor":"","css_class":"pt-15","title":"<h2>An optics expert explains how thin strands of glass that transmit light make modern telecommunications possible.<\/h2>","content":"Thin strands of glass bundled in cables and stretched across continents and oceans make possible much of what we take for granted today, such as the Internet, Zoom calls, electronic banking, and streaming media. Fiber optic cables, which are bundles of optical fibers capable of transmitting information at the speed of light across great distances, are an often-unseen technology that is critical to the functioning of the modern world.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/optics\/people\/faculty\/agrawal_govind\/index.html\">Govind Agrawal<\/a>, the Dr. James C. Wyant Professor of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/optics\/index.html\">Optics<\/a> at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\">糖心传媒<\/a>, has spent his career in industry and academia researching and developing fiber optic technology. His textbooks on fiber-optic communications systems and nonlinear fiber optics are definitive texts used in universities across the world, helping to train generations of scientists and telecommunication engineers. He explains how fiber-optic cables work, how they are made, and what the future holds for the technology.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_658522\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2000\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-658522\" src=\"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fea-how-fiber-optics-works-2025-06-16_fiber_optics_0325.jpg\" alt=\"Close up of fiber optics cables lit up with a woman out of focusing behind them looking at the cables.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1200\" \/> (糖心传媒 photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)[\/caption]\r\n<h3><strong>How does fiber optics work?<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nData travels through optical fibers as extremely short pulses of light.\r\n\r\n\u201cIf you\u2019re watching a Netflix movie, for example, it\u2019s brought to you simply through blinking light,\u201d Agrawal explains.\r\n\r\nEach element of the movie is converted into a set of coded electrical pulses, digitized, and converted into what we call bits\u2014zeroes and ones. A device called a modulator transfers the electrical signal to a laser that turns on and off with each pulse, transmitting information through the optical fiber like Morse Code.\r\n\r\n\u201cOnce the laser light enters the fiber, it never leaves it,\u201d says Agrawal. \u201cNo matter how much you twist and turn the cable, your signal will come out the other end intact.\u201d\r\n\r\nUnlike the copper wires used in traditional electronics, fiber-optic cables send information at the speed of light, providing the bandwidth and data speeds needed to transmit rich content like 4K movies. Once the light pulses reach the other end of the fiber, the process is reversed, and the signal is converted back into electrical pulses.\r\n<h3><strong>How are fiber-optic cables made?<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThe process of manufacturing fiber-optic cables begins by making individual optical fibers from specially composed glass tubes that are about three feet long and less than half an inch thick. The tubes are rigid like most forms of glass but gain the necessary flexibility when stretched to about a hundredth of an inch.\r\n\r\n\u201cYou put that glass tube in a furnace in a three-story tall building, and let it melt, and when the gravity pulls it down, the fiber becomes thinner and thinner,\u201d says Agrawal. \u201cIn the end at some point, it\u2019s thin enough that you can let it wind around a drum.\u201d\r\n\r\nFiber-optic cables are made by taking an individual fiber or bundle of fibers and adding coating and protective layers. Fiber-optic cables like the ones stretched across oceans may have 10 to 20 individual optical fibers in their core to allow more paths for sending and receiving data.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_658562\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2000\"]<img class=\"wp-image-658562 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fea-2025-06-16_fiber_optics_0392.jpg\" alt=\"Individual cables of fiber optics lit up white with red at the tips.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1200\" \/> <strong>THROUGH A GLASS TUBE LIGHTLY:<\/strong> Optical fibers are thin strands of glass capable of transmitting information at the speed of light across great distances. (糖心传媒 photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)[\/caption]\r\n<h3><strong>How are fiber-optic cables stretched across continents?<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nFor each fiber-optic cable connection that links continents, massive spools of fiber-optic cables are loaded onto two cargo ships. The ships deploy from opposite shores, laying the cables on the ocean floor until they meet in the middle of the ocean and make the final connection.\r\n\r\n\u201cIt takes months of preparation and a huge amount of money,\u201d says Agrawal. \u201cThese cables cost billions of dollars by the time they are done, so they are owned by mostly big companies like Google, Meta, Microsoft, and Amazon.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe first transcontinental fiber optic cable was laid across the Atlantic Ocean in 1988, explains Agrawal, and today there are nearly 600 cable systems beneath oceans that are active or under construction. He says these submerged fiber-optic cables are expected to have a lifespan of at least 25 years each, although costly repairs are occasionally needed.\r\n<h3><strong>What does the future of fiber optics look like?<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\u201cThe future looks quite bright,\u201d says Agrawal. \u201cSince we have all the infrastructure based on fiber optics, it will likely remain our main tool of communicating, sending and transmitting data for the next 30 to 40 years. All we need to do is keep improving the capacity, either by sending more signals, more data per second, or by putting more fibers everywhere.\u201d\r\n\r\nHe notes the promise of recent technical advancements such as space division multiplexing, which creates more channels within the same fiber to transmit data.\r\n\r\nAgrawal says researchers at Rochester\u2019s Institute of Optics continue to pioneer not just advancements in fiber optics but also in fields like nonlinear optics and nanophotonics that might be used for telecommunications as well. One example is a research team using fiber-optic telecommunications lines to develop an experimental quantum network connecting the University of Rochester to Rochester Institute of Technology.","background_color":"#ffffff","width":"width-medium"},{"acf_fc_layout":"card_grid","anchor":"","css_class":"","title":"","description":"","background_color":"#FFFFFF","width":"width-medium","columns":"1","cards":[{"card_title":"<p class=\"u-card-title\">First in the nation in optics<\/p>","card_text":"With nearly a century of leading innovations, our Institute of Optics has awarded more than half of all optics degrees in the US. The 糖心传媒 is the premier place to study, work, and, ultimately, transform our world.\r\n<p class=\"card_cta\">What we're up to<\/p>","card_background_color":"#ffc70a","card_hover_color":"#283faf","card_link":{"title":"","url":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/optics\/","target":""},"card_hover_arrow":"","card_image":658582,"card_image_size":"image_thumbnail","card_image_placement":"image_left","card_image_hover_state":"hover_fade","card_image_link":""}]}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The surprising way that fiber optics connects us<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A 糖心传媒 optics expert explains how the thin strands of glass that transmit light make modern telecommunications possible.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/what-is-fiber-optics-how-fiber-optics-works-658492\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The surprising way that fiber optics connects us\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A 糖心传媒 optics expert explains how the thin strands of glass that transmit light make modern telecommunications possible.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/what-is-fiber-optics-how-fiber-optics-works-658492\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"News Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-06-30T20:32:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-01-14T15:39:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/fea-how-fiber-optics-works-2025-06-16_fiber_optics_0325-1200x630.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Luke Auburn\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Luke Auburn\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/what-is-fiber-optics-how-fiber-optics-works-658492\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/what-is-fiber-optics-how-fiber-optics-works-658492\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Luke Auburn\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e928dc2863b53a89ece6d40c7992a4e1\"},\"headline\":\"The surprising way that fiber optics connects us\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-06-30T20:32:05+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-14T15:39:56+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/what-is-fiber-optics-how-fiber-optics-works-658492\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":8,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/what-is-fiber-optics-how-fiber-optics-works-658492\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/fea-how-fiber-optics-works-2025-06-16_fiber_optics_0325.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Ever Wonder\",\"Govind Argawal\",\"Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences\",\"Institute of Optics\",\"videos\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science &amp; 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